When was jean lamarck born

Glass et al. Arch Internat History of Science, 9 : Greenfield, Theodore. Hodge, M. British Journal on the History of Science 10 : Hutton, Frederick W. Darwinism and Lamarckism: Old and New: Four lectures. Excellent little book covering Lamarck's thought from his earliest publications. It is particularly good in recognizing how Lamarck's name has been tied so exclusively to the concept of the inheritance of acquired characters, a concept which in its misunderstood form works to the discredit of Lamarck, it looks sympathetically at his other scientific thought and his considerable and lasting contributions to biology.

Lamarck did considerable pioneering work on physics, chemistry and meteorology. Following a roughly chronological format, Jordanova follows the development of Lamarck's scientific thinking, in particular his transition from believing in the fixity of species to a belief in transformism.

She pays particular attention to Lamarck's thought in its scientific context. Lamarck, J. Philosophie Zoologique Hull and Richard W. Burkhardt Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, McKinney, H. Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology. Kansas, Packard, Alpheus S. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: his life and work.

New York, Packard has marshalled a good deal of the information extant at the turn of the century, and his volume can be used as a base for most work on Lamarck, but there are inevitable gaps. Also rather hagiographic. Pfeifer, Edward J. Isis 56 : Secord, James. This paper looks at the common attribution of one of the earliest articles praising Lamarck and the transformation theory -—'Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology' appearing in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 1 : Secord notes that there is no contemporary evidence for Grant's authorship, and no powerful case for it has ever been made.

The strongest case comes from Grant's entry in the DNB , and the fact that Grant was easily the most renowned Lamarckian in Edinburgh at the time the article was written. His final wife, Julie Mallet, did not have any children before she died in It is rumored that Lamarck may have had a fourth wife, but it has not been confirmed.

However, it is clear that he had one deaf son and another son who was declared clinically insane. His two living daughters took care of him on his deathbed and were left poor. Only one living son was making a good living as an engineer and had children at the time of Lamarck's death. Actively scan device characteristics for identification.

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Lamarck's "Second Law" stated that all such changes were heritable. The result of these laws was the continuous, gradual change of all organisms, as they became adapted to their environments; the physiological needs of organisms, created by their interactions with the environment, drive Lamarckian evolution.

While the mechanism of Lamarckian evolution is quite different from that proposed by Darwin, the predicted result is the same: adaptive change in lineages, ultimately driven by environmental change, over long periods of time. It is interesting to note that Lamarck cited in support of his theory of evolution many of the same lines of evidence that Darwin was to use in the Origin of Species. Lamarck's Philosophie zoologique mentions the great variety of animal and plant forms produced under human cultivation Lamarck even anticipated Darwin in mentioning fantail pigeons!

Like Darwin and later evolutionary biologists, Lamarck argued that the Earth was immensely old. Lamarck even mentions the possibility of natural selection in his writings, although he never seems to have attached much importance to this idea. It is even more interesting to note that, although Darwin tried to refute the Lamarckian mechanism of inheritance, he later admitted that the heritable effects of use and disuse might be important in evolution.

In the Origin of Species he wrote that the vestigial eyes of moles and of cave-dwelling animals are "probably due to gradual reduction from disuse, but aided perhaps by natural selection. Several other scientists of the day, including Erasmus Darwin , subscribed to the theory of use and disuse -- in fact, Erasmus Darwin's evolutionary theory is so close to Lamarck's in many respects that it is surprising that, as far as is known now, the two men were unaware of each other's work.

In several other respects, the theory of Lamarck differs from modern evolutionary theory. Lamarck viewed evolution as a process of increasing complexity and "perfection," not driven by chance; as he wrote in Philosophie zoologique , "Nature, in producing in succession every species of animal, and beginning with the least perfect or simplest to end her work with the most perfect, has gradually complicated their structure.

He was one of the main contributors to the Cell Theory. Lamarck became involved in the Jardin des Plantes and was appointed to the Chair of Botany in In an publication, he became one of the first to use the term biology in its modern sense.

In the modern era, Lamarck is remembered primarily for a theory of " inheritance of acquired characters ", called "soft inheritance" or Lamarckism. His descriptions of soft inheritance were accepted by most natural historians including Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species. Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory consisted of the first truly cohesive theory of evolution, in which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up a ladder of complexity, and a second environmental force adapted them to local environments through "use and disuse" of characteristics, differentiating them from other organisms.

Lamarck was born in Bazentin-le-Petit, Picardie, northern France, [6] as the eleventh child in an impoverished aristocratic family. Lamarck's eldest brother was killed in combat at the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, and two other brothers were still in service when Lamarck was in his teenage years. Yielding to the wishes of his father, Lamarck enrolled in a Jesuit college in Amiens in the late s. Lamarck showed great physical courage on the battlefield in the Pomeranian War with Prussia, and he was even nominated for the lieutenancy.

It was there that he encountered Traite des Plantes usuelles , a botany book by James Francis Chomel. With a reduced pension of only francs a year, Lamarck resolved to pursue a profession.

He attempted to study medicine, and supported himself by working in a bank office. He was interested in botany, especially after his visits to the Jardin du Roi, and he became a student under Bernard de Jussieu, a notable French naturalist.

Lamarck's work was respected by many scholars, and it launched him into prominence in French science. In his two years of travel, Lamarck collected rare plants that were not available in the Royal Garden, and also other objects of natural history, such as minerals and ores, that were not found in French museums. On January 7, , his second son, Antoine, was born, and Lamarck chose Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Bernard de Jussieu's nephew, as the boy's godfather.

In , his second wife Charlotte died, and he remarried Julie Mallet the following year, who later died in In his first six years as professor, Lamarck published only one paper, in , on the influence of the moon on the earth's atmosphere.

In the work, he introduced definitions of natural groups among invertebrates. He categorized echinoderms, arachnids, crustaceans and annelids, which he separated from the old taxon for worms known as Vermes.

In the class Crustaces , Lamarck proposed two orders. The first group was Crustaces pediocles , classified by the animals' two distinct stalked eyes. This categorization included crabs, shrimps and hermit crabs. The second group Crustaces sessiliocles were classified by the animals' distinct pair of eyes, or single, sessile eyes.

Members of this order included amphipods, isopods, cyclops, cladocerans, xiphosurida and amymones. He argued that global currents tended to flow from east to west, and continents eroded on their eastern borders, with the material carried across to be deposited on the western borders.